home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- The following is a reprint of an article which appeared in the
- May/June issue of Technology Review. The article was written by
- Stephen Strauss, a science reporter for the Toronto Globe and
- Mail.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------
-
- What should astronomers do if they detect what might be a
- message from intelligent beings from outer space? Who should
- they tell first?
-
- Priciples of scientific openness should guide all responses to
- outer-space signals, according to an international group that
- includes a space lawyer, astronomers, and the director of the
- U.S. State Department's Office of Advanced Technology. After
- four years of debate, the group formally presented an
- international protocol for such occasions at an International
- Astronomical Congress meeting in Bangalore, India, in October
- 1988.
-
- "Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence" (SETI) projects assume
- that coherent radio signals from outer space must be either
- beacons from civilizations wishing to attract attention or
- unplanned evidence of technical competence. But SETI astronomers
- have long worried that some officials might see a potential for
- political or technological gain in being the first to reply to
- aliens. Such politicians might try to keep discoveries of
- incomming signals secret. Messages would also need decoding, and
- bringing in professional code breakers could enmesh the response
- to extraterrestrials in the world of espionage.
-
- Georgetown University law professor Allan Goodman has argued
- since 1984 for international rules of conduct to keep SETI signal
- analysis from becoming a political football. Peter Boyce,
- executive director of the American Astronomical Society, adds,
- "We want to circumvent political fiat" that would prevent a
- discovery from reaching the global scientific community. Both
- Boyce and Goodman are among the authors of the report.
-
- Scientists have also been concerned that unverified alerts might
- panic the public. News of a SETI event might lead to
- embarrassment as well, because the signals could turn out to have
- a less-than-glamorous origin.
-
- In fact, since the first formal SETI searches began in 1960 at
- the National Radio Astronomy Observatory at Greenbank, W. Va., a
- number of "false positives" have been reported. These anomalies
- have appeared so unique, that an alien civilization has seemed
- the only explanation. Perhaps the most famous example is a
- strong signal recorded in 1977 at Ohio State University. A team
- member wrote "wow" next to his notes, lending that name to such
- phenomena. The Ohio State wow never reappeared.
-
- Boyce appends a related problem. "We need a breathing spell to
- avoid being duped by Caltech undergraduates," he says. Those
- students have made a name for thenselves by perpatrating hoaxes.
-
-
- VERIFY AND TRUST
-
- The proposal addresses verification issues first. Those who
- discover a signal would strive to eliminate the possibility that
- a natural or human source had emitted it. If they succeeded,
- they would notify national authorities such as NASA that
- something significant had been found. They would also inform
- research organizations that sign the treaty, who would attempt to
- independently confirm the finding, or provide an alternate
- explanation.
-
- If the scientists at these organizations agree that some
- extraterrestrial intelligence is the likely source of the signal,
- they would notify the astronomical community at large, the
- United Nations, and space-law bodies, such as the International
- Union of Space Law in Paris. Only after this would the
- discoverers go public with their finding, assuming that the
- secret had not leaked out already.
-
- While secrecy is necessary during the verification process, the
- protocol places a high priority on ensuring open access to SETI
- information. The protocol would bind signatories to record and
- permanently store all data relating to a signal. Moreover,
- researchers would make data generally available in a variety of
- formats.
-
- Because replying is a political act, the protocol adds that no
- single nation should control the answer. It states that "no
- response to a signal or other evidence of extraterrestrial
- intelligence will be sent until appropriate international
- consultations have taken place." Specifically, the accord looks
- to a proposal presented at a 1987 meeting of the congress of the
- International Astronomical Federation, which suggests making all
- responses on behalf of humanity as a whole. And any
- communication to outer space must be peaceful, truthful, and
- express tolerance of differences.
-
- Over the next four years, a number of scientific and space-law
- bodies will consider the Bangalore proposal. The authors hope to
- present it to the United Nations before Columbus Day 1992. On
- that date, NASA hopes to begin a $90 million SETI program that
- will sweep the skies looking for wow indicators from all
- directions, as well as radio signals from the 1,000 closest
- sun-type stars.